PDCA CYCLE IN SIX SIGMA

The PDCA cycle also known as Deming cycle is a continuous Quality improvement model consisting out of a logical sequence of four repetitive steps for continuous process improvement.

PDCA stands for Plan , Do , Check , Act.

The four phases in PDCA cycle involve :-

1.)  PLAN  :-

Identifying and analysing the problem.

2.)  DO  :-

Developing and testing a potential solution.

3.)  CHECK  :-

Measuring how effective the test solution was , and analysing whether it could be improved in any way.

4.)  ACT  :-

Implementing the improved solution fully.

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DMAIC TECHNIQUE IN SIX SIGMA

DMAIC is the most important process improvement technique in six sigma.

In DMAIC every word has its own meaning.

Like  :-   Define , Measure , Analyze , Improve and Control.

Most Companies begin implementing Six Sigma using DMAIC methodology.

All the DMAIC process steps are required and always proceed in the given order :-

1.)  DEFINE :-

Understand what process is to be improved  and set a goal.

2.)  MEASURE  :-

Measure the current state.

3.)  ANALYZE  :-

a.)  Develop cause and effect theories of what may be causing the problem.

b.)  Search for the real causes of the problem and scientifically prove the cause-and-effect linkage.

4.)  IMPROVE  :- 

Take action for improvement.

5.)  CONTROL  :-

a.)  Measure to verify that the improvement has taken place.

b.)  Take actions to sustain the gains.

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WHAT IS ACCURACY AND PRECISION..??

ACCURACY  :-

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard Or known value value.

For Example :- 

If in lab you obtain a weight  measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance , but the actual Or known weight is 10 k.g , then your measurement is not accurate.

In this case , your measurement is not close to the known value.

PRECISION :-

Precision refers to the closeness of two Or more measurements to each other.

Using the example above  :-  

If you weigh a given substance five times , and get 3.2 k.g each time , then your measurement is very precise.

Precision is independent of accuracy.

You can be very precise but inaccurate , as described above.

You can also be accurate but imprecise.

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WHAT ARE 6 M's IN SIX SIGMA..??

 

If something goes wrong in the manufacturing process of a product in industry , it can led to serious problems down the line.

It will increase expense as more material will need to be ordered so as to deal with the initial mistake.

It will also potentially lead to a transfer of defective products to the market , with the result that the company's profit are harmed and its good name besmirched.

To make sure that things in an industry run as smoothly as possible , then it is important to recognize the places where things can go wrong at every level of the process.

Most of the potential damage can be split into six regions of risk known as :-

1.)  Machines

2.)  Manpower 

3.)  Measurements

4.)  Milieu ( environment ) 

5.)  Materials

6.)  Methods

These are known as 6 M's in Six Sigma.

If something goes wrong in the manufacturing process within a company , the chances are that it pertains to one of these M's.

                                     

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5 WHY'S IN SIX SIGMA

The 5 Why's typically refers to practice of asking , five times , Why the failure has occurred in order to get the root cause of the problem.

It is an iterative Question - asking technique used to explore the cause-and-effect relationships underlying a particular problem.

Example of 5 Why's :--

1.)  Why is Tom injured..?

Because he had a fall

2.)  Why did he fall..?

Because the floor was wet

3.)  Why was the floor wet..?

Because there was a leaking valve

4.)  Why was the valve leaking..?

Because there was a seal failure 

5.)  Why did the seal fail..?

Because it is not maintained

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HOW MOTOROLA DEVELOPED SIX SIGMA...?????

We know that Six Sigma is a business management technique seeks to improve the quality of the process by reducing the defects , developed by Motorola n 1986.

Most of us might know that Motorola is a big company , it had a big market share , but suddenly in  1980's its market shares drop from 90% to 10%.

Motorola at that time was developing Quasar television sets , which were quite famous , but within time there were lots of defects which were cropping up.

Like  :--  Picture quality becomes poor , sound was defective.

So a Japanese firm took over the Motorola factory that was manufacturing Quasar TV sets in the United States in 1970's.

And within a months time they produce Quasar TV sets which had 1/20th number of defects which were being produced by Motorola.

And surprisingly they were using the same raw material , same machining and same workforce , making it clear that the problem was with Motorola's management.

Finally in the mid 1980's Motorola decided to take the quality seriously.

Their CEO at the time Bob Galvin , started the company on the Quality path known as Six Sigma and became a business icon.

Today , Motorola is known Worldwide as a quality leader and a profit leader.

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TYPES OF DATA...????

There are two general types of data :-

1.) Qualitative Data :--

Qualitative data is information about qualities , information that can't actually be measured.

Some examples of Qualitative data are :-

a.) softness of your skin

b.) the grace with which you run , and

c.) the colour of your eyes

2.) Quantitative Data :--

Quantitative data is information about quantities , i.e information that can be measured or written down with numbers.

Some examples of Quantitative data are :-

a.) our height

b.) our shoe size , and

c.) length of our fingernails

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