CONTROL CHART under DMAIC METHODOLOGY

A Control Chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over time.

It is basically constructed under the Control phase in DMAIC methodology in Six Sigma.

A Control Chart always has a central line for the average , an upper line for the upper control limit and a lower line for the lower control limit.

These lines are determined from the historical data.

By comparing current data to these lines , you can draw conclusions about whether the process variation is consistent ( in control ) or is unpredictable ( out of control , affected by special causes of variation ).

BENEFITS OF CONTROL CHART  :-

1.)  Helps us to recognize and understand variability.

2.)  Identify special causes of variation and changes in performance.

3.)  Judge the impact of process improvement efforts.




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PARETO CHART under DMAIC METHODOLOGY

A Pareto chart is a graphical representation of the process problems , in ranging order of the most frequent , down to the least frequent , in descending order from left to right.

It is constructed under the Analyse phase in DMAIC methodology.

The left vertical axis of the Pareto chart shows the frequency of the number of defects for each defective category , and the right vertical axis shows the percentage of each defect of the total defects.

The bottom horizontal axis of the pareto chart is labelled with the group names of the responsive variables.

The Pareto Chart is the one of the Seven basic tools of Quality control.

What questions the Pareto Chart answers :-

1.)  It tells us about that which is the most frequent occuring problem.

2.)  Where to concentrate first..?

3.)  Where should we focus first to achieve the greatest improvements..?

4.)  What 20% of sources causing 80% of the problems 

(80 /20 rule )..?

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SIPOC DIAGRAM under DMAIC METHODOLOGY IN SIX SIGMA

Firstly SIPOC stands for Suppliers , Inputs , Process , Outputs , 

Customers.

A SIPOC Diagram is a Six Sigma tool used by a team to identify all the relevant elements of a process improvement project before work begins.

It helps to define a complex project that may not be well scoped , and is typically employed in the Measure phase of the Six Sigma DMAIC methodology.

It is similar to Process mapping , but provides additional details.

The SIPOC tool is particularly used when it is not clear that :-

1.)  Who supplies Input to the process...?

2.)  What specifications are placed on the Input...?

3.)  Who are the true Customers of the process..?

4.)  What are the requirements of the customers..?

In the given image it is shown that how the SIPOC diagram is constructed.

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STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS under DMAIC METHODOLOGY

Stakeholder Analysis is a term that refers to the action of analysing the attitudes of stakeholders towards the project.

It is frequently used during the Define phase under the DMAIC methodology in Six Sigma to assess the attitudes of the stakeholders regarding the potential changes.

Stakeholder Analysis is basically used to engage the right people in the right way in your project.

A Stakeholder is any person , who can be positively or negatively impacted by or cause an impact on the actions of the team doing project.

Therefore , Stakeholder Analysis has the goal of developing cooperation between the stakeholder and the project team and ultimately , assuring successful outcomes for the project.

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PROCESS FLOWCHART under DMAIC METHODOLOGY

A Process Flowchart basically provides a visual representation of the steps in a process.

It is generally developed under the DMAIC methodology under the Define phase in Six Sigma.

It has several benefits :-

1.)  Not all team members are familiar with the                 entire process at the start of the project.

Developing a process flowchart in a group session gives all team members a full appreciation for the inputs , outputs , controls and value-added operations.

2.)  A good flowchart helps structuring the analyse            phase as team members consider possible                  sources       of variation :-

Its easy with flowchart to overlook major causes of variation , and a complete process flowchart will help minimize the risk.

In the given image it is the simple type of process flowchart and from this we can easily understand that how the process flowcharts are constructed.

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WHAT IS A PROJECT CHARTER..??

A Project Charter is a one page document that summarises the Define ( from DMAIC ) stage of a project.

OR 

A Project Charter ( PC ) is a document that states a project exists and provides the project manager with written authority to begin work.

The document helps the project manager to communicate with his authority and explain to project participants and stakeholders that :- 

1.)  how successful completion of the project will help the organization

2.)  how long the project will take to complete

3.)  what resources are needed

4.)  why the project is needed 

5.)  how much it will cost

6.)  who it involves.

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LOAD TESTING AND PERFORMANCE TESTING

LOAD TESTING  :-

Load testing is pressurizing the system until its threshold to see the response.

For e.g :-

Allowing many users to access a system concurrently to notice the behaviour of the system.

Browse functionality can be tested by uploading large files.

PERFORMANCE TESTING  :-

Performance testing involves testing the performance of the system with respect to speed and performance.

It includes measuring response time of application , reliability , scalability e.t.c.








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PDCA CYCLE IN SIX SIGMA

The PDCA cycle also known as Deming cycle is a continuous Quality improvement model consisting out of a logical sequence of four repetitive steps for continuous process improvement.

PDCA stands for Plan , Do , Check , Act.

The four phases in PDCA cycle involve :-

1.)  PLAN  :-

Identifying and analysing the problem.

2.)  DO  :-

Developing and testing a potential solution.

3.)  CHECK  :-

Measuring how effective the test solution was , and analysing whether it could be improved in any way.

4.)  ACT  :-

Implementing the improved solution fully.

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DMAIC TECHNIQUE IN SIX SIGMA

DMAIC is the most important process improvement technique in six sigma.

In DMAIC every word has its own meaning.

Like  :-   Define , Measure , Analyze , Improve and Control.

Most Companies begin implementing Six Sigma using DMAIC methodology.

All the DMAIC process steps are required and always proceed in the given order :-

1.)  DEFINE :-

Understand what process is to be improved  and set a goal.

2.)  MEASURE  :-

Measure the current state.

3.)  ANALYZE  :-

a.)  Develop cause and effect theories of what may be causing the problem.

b.)  Search for the real causes of the problem and scientifically prove the cause-and-effect linkage.

4.)  IMPROVE  :- 

Take action for improvement.

5.)  CONTROL  :-

a.)  Measure to verify that the improvement has taken place.

b.)  Take actions to sustain the gains.

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WHAT IS ACCURACY AND PRECISION..??

ACCURACY  :-

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard Or known value value.

For Example :- 

If in lab you obtain a weight  measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance , but the actual Or known weight is 10 k.g , then your measurement is not accurate.

In this case , your measurement is not close to the known value.

PRECISION :-

Precision refers to the closeness of two Or more measurements to each other.

Using the example above  :-  

If you weigh a given substance five times , and get 3.2 k.g each time , then your measurement is very precise.

Precision is independent of accuracy.

You can be very precise but inaccurate , as described above.

You can also be accurate but imprecise.

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WHAT ARE 6 M's IN SIX SIGMA..??

 

If something goes wrong in the manufacturing process of a product in industry , it can led to serious problems down the line.

It will increase expense as more material will need to be ordered so as to deal with the initial mistake.

It will also potentially lead to a transfer of defective products to the market , with the result that the company's profit are harmed and its good name besmirched.

To make sure that things in an industry run as smoothly as possible , then it is important to recognize the places where things can go wrong at every level of the process.

Most of the potential damage can be split into six regions of risk known as :-

1.)  Machines

2.)  Manpower 

3.)  Measurements

4.)  Milieu ( environment ) 

5.)  Materials

6.)  Methods

These are known as 6 M's in Six Sigma.

If something goes wrong in the manufacturing process within a company , the chances are that it pertains to one of these M's.

                                     

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